Food Pyramid Essay

All of us today are facing an increasing array of nutritional challenges due to the way in which we eat; what we eat; how much we eat; and the way that we live our lives. Eating a right amount of food may sound daunting, but for many, just a few small changes can make a big difference to our overall health – and you don’t need to compromise on taste and enjoyment. When we talk about balance diet, the first that came in our mind is the food pyramids. Do you know what is food pyramid and how it was invented? A food pyramid is a pyramid shaped guide of healthy foods divided into sections to show the recommended intake for each food group. The first food pyramid was published in Sweden in 1974. The most widely known food pyramid was introduced by the United States Department of Agriculture in the year 1992, was updated in 2005, and then replaced in 2011. Originally, the food pyramid was invented because of the high food prices in 1972, and it was to deliver the idea of â₠¬Å"basic food† that were both cheap and nutrious. Anna Britt Agnsà ¤ter, head of the test kitchen at KF, a consumer co-op that worked with the Board, held a lecture the next year on how to illustrate these food groups. Attendee Fjalar Clemes suggested a triangle displaying basic foods at the base. Agnsà ¤ter developed the idea into the first food pyramid, which was introduced to the public in 1974 in KF’s Vi magazine. As we go through the pyramid, there is actually about six classes of food. At the base of the pyramid, is where the carbohydrate is. It takes the biggest area of the pyramid compared to other classes of food. This is because, carbohydrate provide the most energy to our body. Therefore we need to consume carbohydrate liberally. The recommended amount of serving for carbohydrate is about 6-11 serving a day. Next, we go to the vitamins and dietary fibre. Vitamin is essential to our body to protect the body from various types of diseases and maintain the health of the body and it is divided by two categories : water soluble vitamin, B, C and fat soluble vitamin, A,D,E and K. Dietary fibre is made up of cellulose which cannot be digested by the body. It is required in small quantity as it is use to prevent constipation. The recommended serving for each group is 3-5 serving a day. Now, we move to the upper level, which is called the protein group. Protein is required for building new cell for growth and to replace damage tissue. Basically, protein is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Lack of protein my cause a person to have kwashiorkor. It is necessary to take protein 2-3 serving per day. Last but not least, the fats group. Fat is the group of food that we need to consume sparingly. This is because, fat has the most slowest rate of digestion. Fat functions as heat insulator. It also provide energy and function as a protector for the internal organ such as heart and kidney. Therefore, food pyramid is a great guide to good nutrition. So if you’re not sure you’re eating the fruits and vegetables that you need, or think your diet is a little heavy in fat, take a glance at the bright stripes of the food pyramid — they’ll help keep you on track to make sure you’re achieving your nutrition goals.

Summary of the Case on Uganda

Summary of the case The Charles Martin in Uganda story shows how companies can often be at adds with a manager who is managing operations in a distant land. The values and normal tendencies of a company can sometimes be interpreted much differently by the manager on the ground. In this example, we will look at how Charles Martin dealt with cultural differences of Uganda and the U. S. -based Hydro Generation (HG) Company. On the surface, the diverse culture could be seen as a turn off to foreign companies, but HG, with the help of Charles Martin’s life experiences and scholastic knowledge of the region saw an opportunity to grow in Uganda.But at first glance this may prove to be difficult for HG. This was HG’s first pursuit of business in Africa ,so growing pains were almost certainly be felt. Like many African countries, Uganda has a tumultuous history. With the dictatorship of Idi Amin ruling with an iron fist, life in Uganda was difficult (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sulliv an, 2011). A diverse country in terms of religious sects, Christianity is the majority, though there is a large number of Muslims among many other religions (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2011).In terms of language spoken, English is the official language, however many speak only an indigenous language such as Bantu or Nilotic (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2011). In addition the history, language, and religion, HG Company had to also take into consideration the tribal normalcy’s as well as business normalcies in Uganda . With the pending displacement of 700 villagers (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2011), HG was now faced with its first major hurdle that most companies will face when expanding globally.This hurdle is best described in how to best coexist with the cultural norms of a country. Instead of trying to simply impose the will of HG Company, they assembled a package that they felt would best benefit those being displaced. HG (hydro generation) is U. S based comp any. Specialist in power plants (dams). It values strongly built in the Christian culture. It has built plants 16 countries maintained an ownership an about half of them. The Uganda is its first anywhere in Africa. Because their construction involves huge amount of capitalUganda: Uganada officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. Uganda is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by South Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, which is also shared by Kenya and Tanzania. Uganda takes its name from the Buganda kingdom, which encompasses a large portion of the south of the country including the capital Kampala.The people of Uganda were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 years ago, when Bantu-speaking populations migrated to the southern parts of the country. Uganda gained independence from Britain on 9 October 1962. Language Uganda is a multilingual country. Forty of its living indigenous languages. Fall into three main families – Bantu, Nilotic, and Central Sudanic – with another 2 languages in the Kuliak family. English, inherited from the colonial period, and Swahili, which is regionally important, are official languages. There is also a Ugandan Sign Language. all of the Bantu speaking areas of Uganda, dialect continua are very common. For example, people around Mbarara in Ankole District speak Nkole and people from Fort Portal in Toro District speak Tooro, but in the area between those towns one will find villages where most of the people speak a dialect which is best characterized as intermediate between Nkole and Tooro. In recognition of the closeness of four of these languages (Nkole, Tooro, Kiga, and Nyoro), and in order to facilitate work in them such as teaching, a standardized version called â€Å"Runyakitara† was developed around 1990. In south central Uganda, the Bantu languages of Luganda and Soga are largely interintelligible. Religion: Uganda is a predominantly Christian country with a significant (about 12%) Muslim minority. The Northern and West Nile regions are dominated by Roman Catholics and Iganga District in the east of the country has the highest percentage of Muslims. Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the Uganda Constitution but religions are expected to be registered with the government and some religions considered cults are restricted.The Catholic Church, the Church of Uganda, Orthodox Church, and the Uganda Muslim Supreme Council (UMSC) are registered under the Trustees Incorporation Act and most other religious groups are registered yearly as Non-Government Organizations. Economy: Endowed with significant natural resources, including ample fertile land, regular rainfall, and mineral deposits, it is thought that Uganda could feed the whole of Africa if it was commercially farmed. The economy of Uganda has great potential, and it appeared poised for rapid economic growth and development.However, chronic political instability and erratic economic management produced a record of persistent economic decline that has left Uganda among the world's poorest and least-developed countries. The national energy needs have historically been more than domestic energy generation, though large petroleum reserves have been found in the west. After the turmoil of the Amin period, the country began a program of economic recovery in 1981 that received considerable foreign assistance. From mid-1984 onward, however, overly expansionist fiscal and monetary policies and the renewed outbreak of civil strife led to a setback in economic performance.Uganda began issuing its own currency in 1966 through the Bank of Uganda. Prior to the failure of the East African Currency Board, Uganda used other countries' currency. Agricultural products supply nearly all of Uganda's foreign exchange earnings, with coffee alone (of which Uganda is Africa's leading producer) accounting for about 27% of the country's exports in 2002. The industrial sector is being rehabilitated to resume production of building and construction materials, such as cement, reinforcing rods, corrugated roofing sheets, and paint.Domestically produced consumer goods include plastics, soap, cork, beer, and soft drinks. Major Cement manufacturers like ‘Tororo Cement Ltd' caters to the need of building and construction material consumers across East Africa. Hydro generation: HG (hydro generation) is U. S based company. Specialist in power plants (dams). It values strongly built in the Christian culture. It has built plants 16 countries maintained an ownership an about half of them. The Uganda is its first anywhere in Africa.Because their construction involves huge amount of capital and because many groups opposes their construction on the grounds that they typically displace large groups of people. HG wanted to bu ild as many local allies as possible for its Ugandan projects in order to prevent adverse publicity that could lead demonstrations and costly work stoppages. Its employees have a high degree of empowerment, being fully responsible for their actions. There is no code of conduct concerning expatriates lifestyle, but its corporate culture was one that reflected the lifestyle of a prosperous international company.

Aspects Of Adolescent Reproductive Health Health And Social Care Essay

Aspects Of Adolescent Reproductive Health Health And Social Care Essay Adolescent means â€Å"to grow to maturity† and is an important period in life span. Reproduction means â€Å"production of offspring â€Å". Health means â€Å"state of complete physical, mental, and social well being. After birth the child grows towards maturity and makes them a contributing member of the society. ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF FEMALE SEXUAL ORGANS: The principal organs are ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, and vagina. Female reproductive cycle includes both ovarian cycle and menstrual cycle. Female reproductive function begins with the development of â€Å"ova† in the ovaries. The oogonia (primitive germ cell) are dominant from fetal period and are transformed to mature oocyte at puberty. OVARIAN CYCLE OR MENSTRUAL CYCLE: A single ovum is expelled from an ovarian follicle in to the abdominal cavity in the middle (14th day) of each month (28 days) menstrual cycle this process of rupture of grafian follicle with release of the ovum is called ovulation. Thus the 12-18 days in a 28days cycle is called fertile period. This ovum is engulfed by fimbrae and is transported to a uterus by the fallopian tube. When fusion of sperm and ovum which develop in to fetus, thus menstruation stops. This process is called as fertilization. When the ovum is not fertilized then menstruation starts which is cyclical discharge of blood, mucus, unfertilized ovum, and torn endometrial from the uterus per vagina. PUBERTY: Puberty is the period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and capability of sexual reproduction is attained where boys attained manhood and girls attained womanhood. PUBERTY IN FEMALES: Girls begin there growth spurt between 9-13 yrs of age Increase in body fat Development of sexual character like pubic hair, and auxiliary hair appear. Development of breast tissue Rapid increase in height and weight begin to menstruate ASPECTS OF ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: Menstrual hygiene Te enage pregnancy Sex education and sexual behavior Sexually transmitted disease Contraceptive devices MENSTRUAL HYGIENE Menstrual hygiene refers to the hygiene during menstrual period. It includes use of clean pad changing of soaked pad proper disposal of used pad, perineal and personal hygiene with daily activities like diet, exercise, and rest. During menstruation Daily twice bathing is essential because to reduce body heat and fatigue. Washing the genital region daily with soap and water to prevent genital infection. The diet should consist of vegetables and fruits which gives nourishment and normal diet. During menstruation iron rich foods helps to maintain the hemoglobin level. Sanitary napkins can be used to observe the menstrual flow. Use sanitary napkins or use clean cotton cloth. If cloth is to be reused wash with soap dry in sunlight and preserve in with napthalin balls in plastic bags. Change the napkin three times a day and every 4-6hrs per day. Used napkins should not be reused because its very unhygienic and lead to reproductive tract infection. Used napkin should be burned immediately. When the blood stained napkin rub against the thigh the skin of the thigh gets sore and walking may become uncomfortable. So the thigh region should be kept dry.

ON THE BUS WITH ROSA PARKS RESEARCH PAPER Essay

ON THE BUS WITH ROSA PARKS RESEARCH PAPER - Essay Example y cello in her high school band and visit the White House for the first time in her senior year of high school as a Presidential Scholar (â€Å"Rita Dove†, 2005). Her education included graduating summa cum laude from Miami University in Ohio, two years studying in Germany, taking a Master’s from the University of Iowa and then moving on to teach creative writing at Arizona State University. She had already gained some public recognition through magazines and anthologies before she published her first collection of poetry in 1980. Her third collection won the Pulitzer Prize in 1987. Her career has also included short stories, plays and text for orchestral music (â€Å"Rita Dove†, 2005). Although prolific in her writing, Dove says she doesn’t derive inspiration from any one thing. â€Å"If you wait for inspiration, inspiration’s going to go away and look for more fertile ground to work with† (â€Å"An Online Interview†, 1994). Asked in the same interview for advice for budding writers, Dove adds, â€Å"they can only write what they feel. That doesn’t mean they have to experience it, but to write something because someone else thinks its right, to write for PC reasons, to write because you think you ought to be dealing with this subject, is never going to yield anything that is really going to matter to anyone else.† To understand Dove’s inspirations for poems such as those found in her collection On the Bus with Rosa Parks, it is thus necessary to examine the poems themselves. On the Bus with Rosa Parks is a collection of free verse poems that are loosely connected by the characters featured and the experiences shared. The book has a logical progression. It starts with the individual Lucille as she struggles to give birth alone in her Depression-era home after having been abandoned (temporarily) by her husband Joe. As it develops, Dove increasingly brings in greater involvement with the external world as the children of Lucille and Joe increase

Case discssion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case discssion - Essay Example By taking into concern the above discussed aspects, the statement "Begum and Playfoot show that the law is based on fair procedures and tests that respects human rights and justly determine the way in which people of different (and no) faith interrelate with each other in school environments† would be discussed. It would be vital to mention that R (Begum) v Headteacher and Governors of Denbigh High School and R (Playfoot) v Millais School Governing Body are two separate cases relating to equality and human right that would be analysed for discussing the above statement. The case of Begum can be apparently observed to examine the phenomenon of expressing religious belief through the selection of specific dresses or outfits. In this similar concern, Begum desired to wear a conservatively styled garment, referred as ‘jilbab’ in the school, which was however disapproved by the school management. Shabina Begum was a student at Denbigh High School in a secondary school in her comunity. The school provided shalwar kameeze specifically for the Muslim girls as school uniform. The disapproval of the school in wearing ‘jilbab’ and its refusal to permit Ms. Begum for attending school unless she wore the proper school uniform, eventually became a ground to bring the lawsuit against the school authority. According to Ms. Begum, she was forced to sue the school arguing that her liberty towards manifesting her ‘religion or belief’ and right to education, as was assured under the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundame ntal Freedoms 1950 (ECHR) and the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA), were infringed (Butcher, 2011). Notably, the right of an individual towards their conscience, thought and religion is fundamentally assured by Article 9 of the ECHR. This also encompasses the liberty of manifesting one specific

Are americans overtaxed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Are americans overtaxed - Essay Example In the book ‘Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Political Issues’, the authors George McKenna and Stanley Feingold have adopted a very good approach to dealing with many of the issues that are the subject of frequent political and public debates. After giving a brief explanation, they attach articles and writings from thinkers and essayists about the issues- one taking a ‘pro’ or positive stance and the other taking a ‘con’ or negative view point of the same issue. In this way by reading about the issue from both sides we become more informed not only about the issue at hand but the reasons why some people are in favor of it while others are against it. We begin to understand the whole issue better by looking at its different aspects, their dimensions and its effects. Writing in favor of less taxation, in his piece called ‘Seven Myths About Taxing the Rich’ (McKenna & Feingold, 222), Curtis Dubay says that President Obama wants to raise the upper two tax brackets from 33 and 35 percent to 36 and 39.6 percent respectively, thereby impacting their after tax incomes or returns on investment. Dubay argues that there is a need to lower taxes across the board and do away with special tax benefits that serve the rich. But that is only one aspect of the problem. If we have to spend millions of dollars on the War on Terror in Afghanistan and Iraq, it will continue pushing our expenses and debt levels sky high. So it makes no sense to tax hard working Americans while those in Congress make the wrong decisions about spending. We will need to rein back on needless spending and put in some more austerity measures on a personal level where politicians need to lead by their own example. Writing in favor of taxing the rich more, Steve Brouwer states in ‘If We Decided to Tax the Rich’ (McKenna & Feingold, 228) that over the years, there has been a

Forensic test Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Forensic test - Assignment Example The paper tells that many forensic materials collected are usually small and minute and therefore a more sensitive test is reliable. A forensic test should also be specific to avoid compromising. It should not cross check with other test as this increases the tests’ validity. The ideal forensic test needs to be quick. Many individuals would like to know the results of their tests as fast as possible due to the anxiety usually facing such cases and therefore a quicker test becomes more ideal. The test should be simple to conduct, reliable and repeatable. This is necessary whenever there is need for verification. Gunn also perceives an ideal forensic test to be affordable and the equipment and reagents should be readily available. The ease with which the equipment and apparatus can be accessed for the test also makes a forensic test to be ideal. Continuous gradual decay process and disorganization of tissues and structures after death is known as decomposition. There are a numbe r of factors affecting and influencing the sequence and the rate of decomposition. These factors may include temperature, humidity and the media through which the body has been exposed to. The media may include soil, water or preservatives. Tissues rich in blood vessels are always the first ones to suffer autolysis while those ones lacking blood vessels suffer autolysis later. This is the destruction of cell structure and tissues without any bacterial action. In case of lack of oxygen in the body, anaerobic respiration takes place and this leads to formation of lactic acid which makes the body to decompose a condition referred to as necrosis (Cengage, 2006). High temperature conditions increases the rate of reactions and this increases the rate of decomposition of a body. This is because energy is available for the decomposition process. A body placed in a cold media like freezing ice or water undergoes decomposition at a lower rate due to deactivation of bacteria by the freezing or lower temperatures. Similarly preservatives play a function of reducing water or liquid levels in a body thereby denying bacteria favorable medium to work on. A body buried under soil decomposes faster because of lack of oxygen hence more lactic acid formed due to anaerobic respiration and this leads to necrosis. A body lying on top of soil undergoes decomposition at a slower rate due to the availability of oxygen hence lea lactic acid formed. Works cited Cengage, G. (2006,

Religion -Ethical and Social Issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religion -Ethical and Social Issues - Assignment Example Even though Mrs. Wilkins is in her last life cycle the natural law demands that what is consistent with natural law is morally right during anything that is not is morally wrong. In connection to this, these laws are determined human beings. Human beings have the ability to reason and decide for themselves what is right or wrong. Even though she agreed to take the trial, it was not morally because she was not given enough time to think about the experiment. Kant ethics also states that the only good thing which cannot be quantified is good will. Kant also argues that there is no occasion that we can forfeit a moral behavior in order to have some good object. In connection to these conditions by Kant, the doctors should not push the patients just to have the medicine tested. According to Act Utilitarianism.... â€Å"Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By "happiness" is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by "unhappiness" pain, and the privation of pleasure. In this case, Mrs. Wilkins has agreed to take part in the trial because she feels it will help other people overcome the sickness she is having. Rule-utilitarianism suggests that a person’s decision should be based on the overall consequences that the decision will make. Therefore, by Mrs. Wilkins accepting to take part of the trials she is convinced that in the long ran, there are people who will benefit. Kant’s theory concludes that by rational agents agreeing to take part in any activity; they are bound to these activities by their own will. Finally, Kant concludes that while, in pursuit of the kingdom of ends, rational agents should act as if their law established a hypothetical kingdom. Therefore, Kant theory can be used to justify that Mrs. Milkins is a potential candidate for the experiment. Also according to Primer face duties, there is always a primer face

Assignment 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment 5 - Essay Example â€Å"Bullwhip effect describes how inaccurate information, a lack of transparency throughout the supply chain, and disconnect between production and real-time supply chain information result in lost revenue, bad customer service, high inventory levels and unrealized profits† (Paritosh Agarwal, 2009). The Bullwhip effect can be minimized by studying the drivers of demand and supply patterns. Moreover, companies should try to reduce the cycle time, ensure smooth and quick flow of information and take corrective actions to reduce the impacts of price fluctuations, inaccurate demand forecasts and order batching. Question 2: explain why Volvo manufacturing department believed that customers had started to like green cars in the mid 1990’s. Answer: the demand and supply variations at Volvo resulted in huge stocks of unsold green cars. The overproduction of cars can have a potential impact on unrealized revenues and excessive cost for storing the cars. Therefore, the company planned to offer incentives in order to increase the demand of green cars. On one hand the company was successfully able to sell the excess stock which resulted in the revenue realization of the green cars. However, the production department misinterpreted the sales record and started ordering excessive raw materials in order to produce more cars. This inaccurate assessment of the situation can have a multiplier effect on the profits and production capacity. In future, the company will again have to offer some incentives and attractive deals to deal with the overproduction of cars which will not only reduce the profit margins but it will also lead to increased workload and decline in quality caused by 100% capacity utilization. SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AT WAL-MART. Question 3: Discuss how the Bullwhip effect can be reduced. Explain how Wal-Mart uses IT to reduce the Bullwhip Effect. Answer: the Bullwhip effect can be controlled by accurately forecasting demand by gathering the real-t ime information, which can be acquired by working closely with suppliers and distributors. The regular flow of information combined with the proper management of sales and inventory growth can be helpful in attaining the proposed financial results. From a different perspective, all the parties involved in the supply-chain management process are mutually dependent on each other and they can significantly influence the rest of the industry players with their actions. Therefore suppliers, distributors, production department and customer relationship department should work in coordination with each other in order to improve the business-customers sales record. Apart from this, organizations should try to improve the downstream communication by using the point of sales (POS) data collection method and vendor-managed inventories (VOI) so that demand is not over/under estimated. Also, price fluctuations caused by various discount offers can create variability in demand; therefore, every da y low price (EDLP) should be used to keep the prices stable. Moreover, cycle time should be reduced to make the availability of the product faster and easier and â€Å"order capacity reservations† could be used by production department so that the retailers reserve a specific quantity of items to be purchased in a given time frame which will help to keep the distributor’

Tort Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Tort Law - Essay Example Because of the combined efforts of the county hospital staff, and Dr. Andrews the disability that will make Bobby’s life more difficult now will be doubly worse. Ace Sports might argue that Bobby shares comparative negligence because he should not have dunked the ball. However, had it not been Bobby who cut up his wrists dunking a ball, it would have eventually happened to some kid with the metal dangerously positioned as it was. Ace Sports had a contractual agreement with the school and a social duty to install a safe product. Gary Owen defines the five components of negligence as duty, breach, cause in fact, proximate cause and harm. Duty involves choices. â€Å"Negligence law assesses human choices to engage in harmful conduct as proper or improper. . . .Serving in this manner as the foundational element of a negligence claim, duty provides the front door to recovery for the principal cause of action in the law of torts† (Owen, 2010, p. 1674). Ace Sports had a duty to install a safe basketball hoop and breached that duty by leaving harmful metal sticking out around the rim. Bobby just happened to be the first to encounter the piece s of jagged metal. The school, of course, shares no liability because they relied on the competency of the people they hired to install the rims and presumably had no knowledge of the sharp rims. The first hospital, City General, where Rachel took Bobby, has some responsibility in Bobby’s hands being amputated. Their staff had a duty to treat Bobby at least to a point where no further damage would have been caused by a delay. Obviously, from City General’s point of view, they could have treated Bobby and then not been paid because he had no insurance. Their policy implies they had the right to refuse service based on a patient’s uninsured status and therefore his ability to pay for treatment. Paul H. Rubin calls medical care a commodity, specifically an â€Å"ambiguous product.† Rubin

Critique of Research Article Essay Essay Example for Free

Critique of Research Article Essay Essay The purpose of this essay is to recognize specific aspects of the clinical nursing research paper done by Carlee Lehna and Jack McNeil. I will define and discuss these aspects. In clinical research articles there are literature reviews that give background information as to the problem and research that was performed in the study, and why this problem needed to be studied (Burnes Grove, 2011). The literature review in this particular study explains to the reader about the contrast in health literacy of English speaking only parents and Spanish speaking only parents and what tools the researchers used to measure the parents’ health literacy of their child’s health care. The review was very thorough and understandable. The authors named a couple of different tools and how those tools measured literacy. They also explain why they chose the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults tool (TOFHLA), it was the only test that was available in English and Spanish. After reading another article there is another test called Newest Vital Sign. This test is also in English and Spanish takes less time and has only six questions. (Cornett, 2009). Using one test to measure their healt literacy is a limitation. The problem statement helps the reader identify the dilemma for the target population in the research and why it needs further exploration. Burns McNeil discuss that the lower health literacy of the parents the poorer outcomes of their children (Lehna McNeil, 2008). The purpose of this study is to measure the difference in health literacy in two groups of different language speaking parents, i. e. English and Spanish (Lehna McNeil, 2008). The relationship between the problem statement and purpose statement is that the purpose statement is the how the authors are going to find the fix for the problem. The problem statement in this article very clear that the low health literacy is directly related to poor outcomes. The purpose statement is concise and easy to comprehend. In the Lehna McNeil article, the word purpose is mentioned several times and it may make it harder for the reader to decipher the purpose statement, this is a limitation. Target population is a larger total sample group that meets a criteria (Burnes Grove, 2011). Sample is the particular group that participated in the study (Burnes Grove, 2011). The target group in this particular study meet the criteria of parents/caregivers that either only speak English or Spanish and that their children were treated at Shriners Hospital for Children in Galveston, Texas. The sample group is much smaller, they meet the criteria and participated in the tests, interviews and focus groups. These different ways that the researchers used to gather information is a strength. Two of the limitations with the sample is that they only studied parents from one hospital and the authors just specified the language as Spanish, there are many different dialects in those Spanish speaking countries that some information could be lost in translation. The five parts of the study were very easy to recognize. By dissecting this study it helped me identify and learn those 5 parts. I feel a bit more comfortable in reading research papers. This research study was very interesting because I can relate to the difficulty with trying to explain health issues with Spanish speaking families. References Burnes, N. , Grove, S. K. (2011). Understanding Nursing Research: Building an Evidence-Based Practice (5th Ed. ). Maryland Heights, MO: Elsevier. Cornett, S. (2009, Sept 30). Assessing and Addressing Health Literacy. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 14. http://dx. doi. org/10. 3912/OJIN. Vol14No03Man02 Lehna, C. , McNeil, J. (2008, April 2). Mixed-Method Exploration of Parents’ Health Understanding. Clinical Nursing Research, http://cnr. sagepub. com/

Choose three significant scenes during the course of Romeo Essay Example for Free

Choose three significant scenes during the course of Romeo Essay Juliets character is dramatically portrayed in this play. The two main characters, Juliet Capulet and Romeo Montague both change and mature over the progress of the play but Juliet changes from what could be seen as girl to woman in just under a week. There is a definite difference in her personality from the meeting of Romeo to her marriage to him. As the play progresses, we see Juliet maturing and developing into an independent young woman, which is quite different from the beginning of the play when Juliet never thought of marriage or of defying her parents and family. In Scene 1 Act 3 Juliet enters the play alongside Lady Capulet and the Nurse, who approach her to talk about a forthcoming marriage that Lady Capulet and her husband have planned. They want her to marry Paris at the age of thirteen, however with Juliet being so young and unsure of herself, and of what marriage entails, she does not really have anything to say on the issue. Before they start to talk about this subject, the Nurse and Lady Capulet talk about Juliets age, and Shakespeare seems to make sure that the point she is only thirteen stand out among all other things in order to show her vulnerability and her youthfulness to the audience. The Nurse talks about when Juliet was only a baby and the Nurse was there as a wet nurse to Juliet. She reminisces about Juliet being the prettiest babe that eer I nursed (Line 60), after which the nurse gives a long speech that is full of sexual innuendos which Juliet does not understand. This shows the lack of maturity and the vulnerability that Juliet has, because if she does not understand the jokes, then she may not understand other more important things that are said to her. However depending on the director who is directing the performance, a performance may make Juliet understand the whole speech and laugh at the jokes or the opposite may be shown in her not listening to the Nurse. If the Nurse directs her speech solely at Lady Capulet it would again show the youthfulness and naivety of Juliet. When Lady Capulet finally gets to talk to Juliet about the topic of marriage Juliet does not seem to understand what she is meaning by it. She has never thought of marriage nor does she wish to for a while. Lady Capulet attempts to get Juliet to look at marriage and describes her own past, telling her that she was already expecting her at the age Juliet is now. Juliet replies Ill look to like, if looking liking move. (Line 97 98). This again shows her immaturity to marriage as she thinks that marriage can happen only if she wants it to and that she can choose when she wants to love someone. In Act 2 Scene 2, Romeo and Juliet are able to talk in private without any distractions. This is a big scene for Juliets character development because she finally meets some one that she thinks she loves and it shows her as not being the nai ve child that she was but now growing towards being a mature woman. However, she despairs about the dispute between the Capulet and Montague family households as she asks herself wherefore are thou Romeo? (Line 33) meaning Why are you called Romeo? She talks about how it would be if he were not called Romeo so that everything would be alright and she would be allowed to love him, but because he is part of the Montague household, then she cannot. This again shows some maturity because she understands the point as to why she should not love him. Once Romeo actually comes out and shows himself to Juliet, she is concerned for his safety. Normally if a member of a household from Montague was to invade the Capulet home then Juliet would cry out but because she feels love for him in the short amount of time they have been together, then she does not. Juliet feels a new type of love that she has not felt before, showing her progression into adolescence. Juliet admits embarrassment about talking of her love to Romeo. She pleads with Romeo and asks him if he loves her and wants an honest answer. No innocent young girl would ask a man if he loved her, showing again the maturity that Juliet has been given by Shakespeare in the very short amount of time in that evening. This scene shows the progress of Juliets maturity again as she is talking to Romeo and discussing their love affair which is actually forbidden and would be seen to be wrong by her parents. This is showing evidence of the beginnings of rebellion and individualism from her as she normally would have followed the rules of her parents, but now she is doing things behind their back. Scene 3 Act 5 deals with many aspects showing Juliets capacity for becoming a young woman. She has to make many difficult choices in this scene and there is no one around that she can turn to and look to for help. She has just spent the night with Romeo in her bedroom and warns him that he must leave, otherwise there is the risk of him being caught. However the Nurse comes in warning Juliet that her mother is coming. She must now get Romeo to leave her room so that he isnt found by her mother. However they seem to not be able to part from each other, showing their affection and love for each other. When Lady Capulet enters the room, Juliet feels uncomfortable with her presence there and would rather she left. She says Madam, I am not well. (Line 78) to try to get rid of her but it does not work. Juliet has again to lie to her mother when she says Indeed I never shall be satisfied with Romeo, till I behold him Dead. (Line 93 94). Of course this is not true, but to protect the secret of her relationship to Romeo, she cannot give rise to any suspicions in Lady Capulet, even if this means asking her to kill him. Her increasingly adult emotions lead her to protecting Romeo at all costs, even if it means deceiving her mother. Lady Capulet came to talk to Juliet about her getting married the very next day. Juliet was not happy and did not want to get married to Paris as she is already married to Romeo, however neither Lady Capulet nor her husband knows this. Juliet protests and refuses to marry him, however Lady Capulet tells her that she must take it up with her father. When Capulet enters the room he is happy and cheerful, however this is soon to change after he has talked to Juliet. Juliet must build up the courage that she would not have been able to do earlier on in her life, to tell her father that she does not want to marry Paris. She has to explain to him that she is thankful that he has tried to make her marriage perfect but without giving away the hint that she is already involved with someone else. She has to suffer the many insults that Capulet throws at her and almost be physically assaulted by him, as he says My fingers itch. (Line 164). The Nurse and Lady Capulet try to help her at first but nothing is accomplished and finally, when Capulet leaves, Juliet is feeling at her lowest point. She turns to her Mother for support but she simply says Talk not to me, for Ill not speak a word. Do as thou wilt, for I have done with thee. Juliet then turns to her good friend the Nurse, however again the Nurse will not help and support her. The Nurse explains to Juliet that Romeo is an impossible match and maybe it is not such a good idea to stay with him. She tells her that Paris is a good man and worthy of her love. This makes Juliet feel as though she is just a little girl again as she is being told what she must do and that her opinion is not needed. However Juliet is not about to be kept at this level, so she tells the audience that she will go to the Friar and seek help there, but if that fails, then she always has the power to die. Just saying this shows an immense emotional development by Juliet. No little girl would say the things that she has says, which proves to us that she is no little girl anymore. She is turning into a woman and her parents are helping her even when they are shouting at her, because it gives her more strength to stand up to them later on. Act 4 Scene 3 is one of the most important scenes in the play and here, Shakespeare portrays the character of Juliet as maturing to an even higher level and shows her growing from adolescence to womanhood, and also shows the highs and lows of her emotions. This scene shows her ready to take the potion that she has just been given by the Friar, even while not knowing exactly what it may do to her. She does not know if it is actually poison or what the side effects may be, as she wonders, What if it be a poison which the friar Subtly hath ministered to have me dead, Lest in this marriage he should be dishonoured, Because he married me before to Romeo? (Line 24-27). Juliet is unsure of whether or not to trust the Friar, showing us that the innocence of her younger self has been replaced by a more cynical distrust of other peoples motives. Her thoughts become very morbid and she starts to imagine the terror of waking up, trapped in the vault with her dead ancestors. She drinks the potion, calling out Romeo! Romeo! Romeo! I drink to thee. (Line 58). Her willingness to take this huge risk shows how desperate she is to be with Romeo and how she cannot bear the thought of being forced to marry Paris, emphasising her true, fully developed, adult love for Romeo. In this play of Shakespeares, Juliet has turned from a young girl who was not able to make up her own mind about important issues and who was dependent on her family, into a fully developed woman who could look after herself, lie when she had to and was emotionally independent. At the beginning of the play, she had no idea what was really meant by marriage or what love really was. But once she met Romeo, she started to change and mature, and would even deceive her own family in order to protect the love between herself and Romeo. Juliet chose her love of Romeo over everything else, even when it led to their tragic deaths. Her words, behaviours and responses throughout the play, show her development from innocence and naivety through to full maturity as the play reaches its tragic conclusion.

The Transgender Subculture in Malaysia

The Transgender Subculture in Malaysia 1. Introduction According to a privately-sponsored survey conducted in 2001, there were estimated at least 50,000 transgender people in Malaysia. Other than that, the number of transgendered people in Kuala Lumpur alone was estimated to be 50,000 which show 200 individuals in Malaysia is transgender (Wong, 2005). The study of the transgender subculture mentioned here is an explorative inquiry into the existence and the intricacies of the subject. The objectives of this study is to provide an in-depth look into the transgender subculture usually described by the term Pondan or Mak Nyah, which is much commonly used in Malaysia. Beforehand, pondan is actually a derogatory term for shemales and trangenders, whereas the term May Nyah is from the word mak, which means mother in Malay language. Both terms is used to describe a man who wants to act or dress like woman. Due to peoples limited understanding and misconceptions, some slang is publicly used to tease transgender individuals. In fact, it may cause a lot of negative impacts on them such as decreasing their self-esteem and self-efficacy. Likewise, transgender is defined as a state of an individual gender identity not matching their actual sex which they were assigned at birth, and also takes in cross dressers and transsexuals. Cross dressers are hetero males who like to dress as women on occasion whereas transsexuals is people who are born in one gender but identify with the other. The cause of transgender ideals can be both nature and nurture factors. Biologically, the factors includes differences in how the human brain functions, neurochemical pathways, and the endocrine glands. However, the nurture factor does play an important role to active the inert gene of an individual to become transgender. Sociologist strongly believes that there are influences from cultural and environmental of the local community on transgender (Zhou, Hofman, Gooren, Swaab, 1995). Moreover, transgender had been practiced long ago before it was being identified in 19th century which is 1880s in Germany. During 1886, Richard von Krafft-Ebing which is a German doctor began studying the occurrence of gender divergence. At first, transgender was coined gynandry and later he described it as metamorphosis sexualis paranoia in 1902 which mean a homosexual that truly believed him or herself to be the different from his or her assigned sex. Furthermore, Krafft-Ebing believed that homosexuality was a mental illness and delusion (Hunnicutt, 2004). In fact, the first true pioneer that involve in the field of transgender was Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld which is a gay physician that dedicate himself to the studies on the fields of sex and gender. He was the first to coin the most two popular terms to describe transgender which is transvestism and transexualism (Melville, 2004). In addition, transvestite has become kind of archaic expression and one many transgender people take the exception to.  Transgender is the popular expression of the day. The main problem that transgender face in Malaysia is that they are unable to change his or her sex identity in their identification card after they undergo sex reassignment surgery (SRS) or gender reassignment therapy (GRT) although SRS and GRT is legal in Malaysia. This occurrence shows that government are still not being recognized nor accepted. In religion aspect, Islam strictly not recognized or accepted transgender because they do not allow males to wear womens clothing and they were normally isolated. There are a significant number of transgender individuals who have been treated unfairly simply because of their sexual orientation and gender identity. (this also check see got link or not) According to a recent survey done by National Center for Transgender Equality, fully 42 percent of gay individuals say they have experienced some form of employment discrimination at some point in their lives. However, transgender workers face even higher rates of workplace discrimination and harassment. An astonishing 90 percent of transgender individuals report experiencing some form of harassment, mistreatment, discrimination on the job, or hiding from who they are to avoid it (Burns, 2003). Moreover, activists have estimated there are at least 50,000 transgender in Malaysia, many of whom face widespread prejudice and often cannot find employment (Eileen, 2011).   According to Wong (2005), a journalist from The Malaysian Bar, reported that transgender in Malaysia is still being heavily discriminated, understated and misjudged. They face many obstacles and challenges since community of Malaysia was mired in a mindset that transgender is abnormal and should somehow be treated. There are still many bias and stereotyped toward transgender in Malaysia. One of the ways to decrease and prevent bias and stereotype is through education and help more people understand about transgender. To arrive at a deeper understanding of the transgender subculture, we would discover their social relationship such as their socialization with family, peers, education and workplace. In this study, we have collected our data using questionnaires and face-to-face interview. 2. Results/ Findings 2.1 Participant 1 She is Fazura, this is the name after she decided to become a transgender. Her original name was Faiz, she was a normal male during her high school period and there is a personal reason that she decided to become a part of the transgender. During the interview, she explained that during the age of fourteen to fifteen, one of the vital reasons that she becomes a transgender is that she was hurt so deeply by one of the female during her high school years, till the point she decided to become part of it. She was from an average family which consists of four siblings, and she had two sisters that passed away far early before she was born. After years, she found out that her mother wishes to have a daughter but sadly all of her sisters were not fortunate enough to stay longer. The issue made him to think deeply and give him the encouragement to move further into the world of transgender. Family members could not accept the fact of her being a transgender, but slowly getting used to it and being comfortable around her. And from the family background of her that we know, she is the only transgender individual in among her family and relatives. Fazura would not feel concern about how other looks at her being a transgender or planning to go overseas where people would be more open-minded on transgender. She intends to stay here with her family and overcome her problems. Furthermore, being a transgender, Fazura is being very specific on her daily diet, and will go for jogging mostly everyday to keep healthy and fit. Also, she starts to consume contraceptive pills after she decided to become a transgender when she was twenty. She has to keep this as a daily routine in order to have a feminine outlook on her body. She is also planning on a plastic surgery if her financial condition can support her to do so, but she claims that she will not undergo sex reassignment surgery (SRS) because in the later years, she might wish to become straight as a normal male again. As a minority group of the society, Fazura explained that she will only hang out in place like Sunway Pyramid shopping centre and cafà © only with her group of friends. Most of her friends were transgender and PLU (which means people like us), she felt comfortable around them other than walking alone and face conspicuous sight from the public. Sometimes she might join her friends to have a small picnic gathering in Port Dickson once awhile. And as a transgender, finding a partner is not an issue for her because once in awhile she will meet someone who is similar to her or someone who is interested with her, but keeping a relationship to last long is the difficult part. Fazura mentioned that she had six partners before and were not as faithful as seems. She further explained that in the society of transgender, partners were usually come and goes, they never last long because everyone is seeking for something new and exciting rather than staying with an individual. She sees herself as an open-minded, tolerance and patience person. As a transgender Malay, she prefers to meet a partner that is smart, high moral and can financially support her. It is because they can take her equally in every decision and will not be bias just because she is a transgender. For now, she would not concern about any relationship problem at the moment because she has to focus on her work, she need to support her family and moreover a mother who is falling ill. As a twenty six years old Malay transgender, she now works in the company of Sunway Lagoon as a marketing clerk. She has a stable financial income and a flexible lifestyle, as a transgender it does not have any major negative effect on her career. She is also a part time makeup artist for wedding couple. 2.2 Participant 2 Danny is 28 years old from Malaysia. His behaviors are feminine, fashionable, gentle, and well-mannered. He was raised in Perak and moved to Klang in order to further his study in Pengajian Islam at a local university. He stopped his study after 2 weeks because he felt uncomfortable to continue his study due to his shemale identity which is against his religion (Muslim). Currently, he is working as a makeup artist in an international makeup company in Shah Alam. From his past experiences, Danny explained that he changed himself to shemale because of the external environment he was raised and influenced. During that time, the people around him often said his appearance look like a girl. She also used to play makeup and girl thingy when he was young. This is why he wanted to transform into shemale. But, when he decided to become a shemale, his family members could not accept his decision however, as time passes his family slowly accepts who he is. At the age of 25, he decided to transform himself from shemale to gay by stop consuming hormone pills and stop dressing up like a woman. The reason why he transforms himself is because: Firstly, after his mother passed away, he does not want his brother feel embarrassed about his identity. Secondly, his company does not accept him as a shemale due to any clients which is Muslim religion will refuse or reject his makeup services to them. Besides, Danny is currently in a relationship with his partner. In fact, he actually had a thought of forming his family by adopting children and raise them. His ideal partner type must be a Chinese, handsome, and has stable income. In contrast, he never expects that his love relationship could last longer. Thus, he does not treat his relationship with every partner seriously. Additionally, he keeps his identity in a low profile whenever he goes out with his partner because he does not want to expose his identity to others. In the meantime, he enjoys hanging out with his clique that consists of gay and shemale to shopping and picnic. He takes his career seriously as a professional makeup artist whereby he does not mix his personal things with his job. However, he still had the thought of transforming back to a normal guy when he becomes old. 2.3 Participant 3 Renee James is 66 years old from Chicago, USA. He was married with a woman, and had three children and seven grandchildren. He became transgender in his 40s and came out to his wife about ten years ago. He did not tell his family about his transgender orientation, only his wife knows. This is because he thinks that it would be a burden for them to carry. He believes that most of his family, relatives and friends would accept him, but he does not want to go there. He frequently stays at home. Renees personality is somewhat introverted, quiet and shy. He will try to avoid conflict with others. Besides that, he likes to write, take long walks with his dog and canoe. He usually spends most of his time with his wife and occasionally has lunch with some transgender friends. Additionally, he has been active in the Chicago trans community ever since. He will attend two or three transgender community meetings monthly and visit with family once a week. Renee is financially secured. Currently, he is a free-lance writer and a magazine editor. His magazine career was not being affected because he never came out as transgender in his professional life. He wrote a novel Coming Out Can Be Murder as a trans woman. He had encountered many barriers to success because he is a transgender and the book is about a transsexual woman. Until now, Renee still lives in two different identities, because it is illegal to change the name. He also feels conspicuous when he presents his female persona. Although he knows that he should not be bother with what others think about him, but still, he is. After he proclaims that he is a transgender, he felt a sense of euphoria and relief. However, that does not last very long because reality sets in for most transgender, transgender is a very difficult struggle for acceptance. The most challenging and difficult part that Renee faced is acceptance. This is because many Caucasian and African male-to-female transgender dont look right. For example, they are too big, too broad-shouldered and others. Renee said that, Male-to-female transgenders in Asia have a different experience that we in the US. In some Asian countries-notably Thailand-the difference in size between men and women is not as great as in Caucasian and African gene pools, so more trans women are able to pass as women. From what Ive read, though, they are just as stigmatized as we are here in the US. Hence, it is hard even for kind people to accept them. Within a marriage, acceptance is also very difficult because his wife feels threatened by his identity. She fears he will transition to full time female, become attracted to himself, have an affair with another person, or somehow embarrass the family. At first, it was very difficult for his wife, but at last she supports him and they go on. About five years ago, Renee began taking small doses of estrogen. It doesnt affect his body because he does not take testosterone blockers. Nevertheless, the estrogen seems to soothe some of the mental conflicts he had. The result is that he had a milder disposition which he dont get mad as often, and dont get as mad as he once did. He liked both boy and girl things as a child and still today. He is comfortable in a male presentation, even though much of the time he would prefer to be a woman. He claimed that he has a mans body and a bi-gender mind. 3. Discussion There are interplay of nature and nurture in transgender. Previously mentioned, there are biological effects in transgender. James (2012) stated that transgender is not a decision they make, it is how their brain develops. In the womb, we all start out female, but our bodies and brains evolve and some of us become male. The brain, including the parts that determine gender orientation, continues to develop after birth. What can decide is what to do about that? Some who born in male dont have the same brain chemistry as other males and end up identifying as female or, in some cases, identifying as both male and female. Some decide to hide their identity, but as time goes on it become impossible (James, 2012). Moreover, in our findings, the participants become transgender due to the influence of family, peers, and society. Besides, transgender concerned about their appearance. They will exercise and diet in order to keep their body fit. They also learn how to makeup from magazine, friends and television shows. Additionally, they consumed contraceptive or birth-control pills such as Marvelon, Levora, and Camilla which contains estrogens to decrease male hormone and increase female hormone. According to Cross (2012), men may experience larger breasts, less facial hair and smaller testicles if they consume the pills. Furthermore, they are materialistic and like branded things such as Louis Vuitton, Gucci, and Prada. The major struggle for transgender is acceptance. Transgender like to seek for acceptance from society. In family viewpoint, transgender was not easily being accepted by their parents and siblings where they will tend to feel embarrass and confuse. As time flies, family would gradually accept them as who they are. Mostly relatives and peers could accept them as transgender. In societal perspective, the communities are still stereotyping transgender yet they are not easily bothered on how the communities look on them. One way or another, they are more concern on familys view than others on them. Likewise, transgender are not being accepted by most of the religion. In terms of relationship partner, our findings illustrated that transgender relationship usually would not last long. Transgender would not take their relationship seriously because their main concern for both sides is to satisfy their own sexual instincts. So, they will easily feel bored with their partner and always seek to change for another. Nonetheless, there is minority who able to marry (heterosexual) and involve in a long-lasting relationship (homosexual). In addition, transgender also hope to have their own family. According to our results, participants are financially secure and stable in their work. They tend to work professionally in their job and are not easily affected by personal matter. However, there are exceptions. Wong (2005) stated that there are approximately 80% of the transgender in Malaysia become commercial sex workers because of discrimination by prospective employers. Wong (2005) also declared that: Many are academically qualified to hold professional positions but are denied the opportunity for employment. Many end up in the sex industry as well as stereotyped professions such as hairdressing and entertainment. One must question how genuinely free the choice of being a sex worker can be if opportunities for other kinds of employment remain limited. One must also understand and acknowledge the way transsexuals have been [socialized] into seeing themselves and the insidious barriers set up by corporations and prospective employers. From our findings, transgender characteristics are open-minded, soft, tolerate, and non-aggressive. They are more introverts whereby they prefer to stay at home often. In addition to that, transgender usually go out with their clique or with someone who is close with them instead of go out alone. However, being a well-mannered citizen does not mean that they are free from the disturbance of the authorities. In one of the annual events, Seksualiti Merdeka, was being held to represent a coalition of Malaysian Non Government Organizations (NGOs) including Malaysian Bar Council, SUARAM, Empower, PT Foundation, United Nations, Amnesty International and individuals. Through the event, it has disclosed the Malaysian government was unwilling to provide equal rights to transgender and therefore transgender faced difficulties in accessing health care, education, housing, employment, and other rights that shared by Malaysian. For example, the transgender community has reported that they are bei ng discriminated on attempting to open bank account and applying passport. Moreover, 70% of the transgender reported that they are being caught by the police raids and have been treated brutally such as striped their clothes in front of others in the police station. (this also see is what link de) Overall, this study could not be generalized due to the lack of participants and the reliability of our resources. This is because our study only involved three participants. In order to generalize the study, we need a wider population. More participants should be recruited from different culture, races, ethnic and nationality. Moreover, this study was conducted in three weeks. The duration was considered short whereby there are limited time and resources for us to collect our data. More time should be provided in order to collect more dependable and valid information as well as to increase the degree of consistency and reliability of the study. Therefore, further research need to be conducted to obtain more significant and reliable results. In a nutshell, the transgender experiences vary across the region. Some area could accept transgender whereby they do not have to endure a lot of rudeness from others. In other areas, people tend to be very conservative and religiously dogmatic, where transgender individuals live secret lives. Yet, everyone deserves to be free from discrimination, violence, harassment and for their sexual orientations as well as their gender identities. Lastly, we should educate our young generation to be knowledgeable and understanding so that they would not easily discriminate, blames, and judges others without knowing the truth. References Burns, C. (2003). The costly business of discrimination: The economic costs of discrimination and the financial benefits of gay and transgender equality in the workplace. Retrieved September 29, 2012, from  http://www.americanprogressaction.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2012/03/pdf/lgbt_biz_discrimination.pdf Cross, C. (2012). The effect of birth control pills on male. Retrieved from eHow: http://www.ehow.com/facts_5634953_effect-birth-control-pills-males.html Ee Lynn, Wong. (2005, February 1). Neither Here Nor There: The Legal Dilemma of the Transsexual Community in Malaysia. Retrieved from The Malaysian Bar Web:  http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/gender_issues/neither_here_nor_there_the_legal_dilemma_of_the_transsexual_community_in_malaysia.html (How about this? All need big letter? The title I mean..) Eileen, Ng. (2011, July 19). Malaysian transsexual loses court bid to officially change gender despite sex-change surgery. The Associated Press. Retrieved from  http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=w7542884 (What mean The Associated Press? Retrieved from The Associated Press: then add?) Hunnicutt, A. (2004). Krafft-Ebing, Richard von (1840-1902). Retrieved from http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/krafft_ebing_r.html James, R. (2012). Coming out can be murder. United States: Windy City Publishers. Melville, R. (2004). Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld. Retrieved from StoneWall Society: http://www.stonewallsociety.com/famouspeople/magnus.htm United Nations Country Team. (2011). Malaysia: The millennium development goals at 2010. Retrieved from http://www.undp.org.my/files/editor_files/files/Malaysia%20MDGs%20report%20clean%200419.pdf Zhou, J.N., Hofman, M. A., Gooren, L.J.G., Swaab, D. F. (1995). A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality. Nature 378: 68-70.

The Role of Magnocellular Cells in Dyslexia Essay -- Dyslexia Learning

The Role of Magnocellular Cells in Dyslexia Dyslexia is a defined as a learning disability characterized by problems in expressive or receptive, oral or written language. Derived from the Greek words "dys" (poor or inadequate) and "lexis" (words or language), dyslexia and other learning disabilities affect about 15% of the population. (What is dyslexia!) Dyslexia itself can manifest itself in many different ways. People with dyslexia do not see words "backwards" or have other vision problems. Many dyslexics are gifted with outstanding musical abilities, or the ability to solve three-dimensional puzzles with little difficulty. (What is dyslexia!) It is not representative of a below average mind and is not caused by behavioral or social problems. Dyslexia is caused by differences in the function and structure of certain areas of the brain. (What is dyslexia!) Because of this, Dyslexia can not be cured and will never be outgrown. Appropriate teaching methods are taught to help those with dyslexia overcome their weakness by using their strengths. Understanding how this disability works and where it stems from can only help in the search for beneficial teaching techniques. Because there are many different aspects of dyslexia, very few dyslexics show all the signs of the disorder. Understanding some of the more devastating symptoms of the disorder provide a strong base for research in the area. Dyslexics may have difficulty encoding words, not be able to recognize sequences of numbers or of letters in words, either when read or written, or not be able to fully interpret instructions that they have been given. Imagine a person driving down the road who cannot distinguish between a sign that says 15 mph and 51 mph. Or a person wh... ... http://cognitrn.psych.indiana.edu/busey/idloc/idloc.html Cornelissen, P.L. (1998). Coherent motion detection and letter position encoding. Vision Research Issue 38, 2181-2191. Cornelissen, P.L. (1998). Magnocellular visual function and children’s single word reading. Vision Research Issue 38, 471-482. Newman, Renee (1998, April). Dyslexia: Explanations from science. [ 8 paragraphs.] Dyslexia and Dyscalculia Support Services of Shiawassee County available: http://www.shianet.org/~reneenew/dysl.html Ridder, W.H. 3rd (1997). Not all dyslexics are created equal. Optometry and Visual Sciences, 74 (3), 99-104. Skottun, B. C. (1997). Some remarks on the magnocellular deficient theory of dyslexia. Vision Research Issue 37, 965-966. What is Dyslexia!. [3 paragraphs]. Discover Technology [Online]. Available: http://discovertechnology.com/whatisdyslexia.html

Womens Suffrage and World War I :: Papers

Women's Suffrage and World War I In my opinion British women would not have gained the right to vote in 1918 without the First World War. In my research to substantiate my view, I obtained my information from my history book and the Internet I will state the source of my information and explain how the information links to the causes and effects that enabled women to get the vote. During the war, women were given responsibility and knowledge to carry out skilled work. They became more confident in their ability to influence people and to have their say. They learnt to juggle home and family, and manage financially. They wanted change and knew this had to come from the government. They wanted to choose a government with the policies they approved of. Realising that they were a valuable workforce and could become as skilled as men made them want to be valued and to have a say in the country's affairs. One argument in favour of women shows pictures of what men could be: A convict, lunatic, owner of white slaves, unfit for service and a drunkard. This portrayed men as being responsible, but they still could vote. Then it shows what women could achieve: Mayor, nurse, mother doctor or teacher or a factory hand, which showed them as responsible but they still couldn't the vote.1 Men's attitude towards women during the First World War was still negative. The ability of women to take on the roles of men meant that increasing numbers of men were vulnerable to conscription.2 The women were told that they couldn't vote because they weren't fighting for their country. They couldn't fight because they weren't allowed to. Women helped in the ammunition factories, where dangerous sulphur made their skin turn yellow.3 The government's opinion changed from thinking that women were incapable of responsible positions. The government tried to ignore the fact that they worked in the ammunition factories, and said that they weren't serving their country, but they finally accepted that through this and other types of work, women were

The Scarlet Letter :: Essays Papers

The Scarlet Letter In this novel Hester Prynee is represented in several different ways. Before this story starts she was sent to Boston by her husband (Roger Chillingworth) who was supposed to be meeting her there shortly. He never makes it, she assumes he died at sea. While in Boston she meets Rev. Dimmesdale she has an affair with him and gets pregnent. He then starts to ignore her. Months later when everyone finds out about her illegitimate daughter (Pearl) and that she is un married. She is looked upon with great sin. When she is first introduced into the novel she is in the prison. She emerges wearing an elaborately emroidered scarlet letter â€Å"A† (meaning adultery) on her breast, and carries her 3 month old infant in her arms. She is led onto the scaffold where she has to stand in fron of the whole town as part of her punishment. While on the scaffold she has flashbacks of her old life, this is where we first learn about the real Hester Prynne. The rest of her punishment is that she has to wear the scarlet â€Å"A† for the rest of her life. The Rev. Mr. Dimmesdale pleads with Hester to tell the name of the man she had a sexual affair with, but she will not. After the 3 hours she is lead back to the prison with Pearl. At this point in the novel we learn that back in England Hester was married to a man, Roger Chillingworth. This man is now in Boston and comes to visit Hesters prison cell. Hester and Dimmesdale discuss who is at fault for her affair. He admits that he will find the father though. When Hester is released from prison she has the choice to go anywhere in the world, but she chooses to stay in Boston where she commited her sin and where she will have her punishment. She starts sewing and sells her garments but puritan society never accepts her. Believes â€Å"A† allows her to see sinful and immoral feelings in other people. Hesters strength is most seen when she goes to the Governers mansion to plead for her daughter. In the following years Hester and Dimmesdale start speaking again. Now you will be able to see her weaker side.She falls in love with him all over, they plan to leave Boston and move to Bristol, England and live the rest of their lives there. But they never make it, When Hester dies she is burried next to Dimmesdale. Physically Hester at the begining of the novel is a tall young woman with a figure of

Enlightement Thinkers And Vincent Van Gogh Essay

The Enlightenment outlook embraced freedom and progress, viewing humanity with optimism – guarded optimism, but optimism nonetheless.   The era’s thinkers believed that humanity was essential good but flawed, though with the proper guidance and environment it could be improved, if not perfected.   Condorcet saw no limits to human potential, claiming that nature â€Å"has set no limit to the perfection of human faculties† (Gay 119) and that if humanity sought the right goals, the future would yield this. Similarly, Rousseau argued for humanity’s essential decency, yet he did not believe it was unconditional; he believed that â€Å"in the right circumstances, with the right education and the right society, man might become a decent citizen† (Gay 171).   In addition, Europeans considered Benjamin Franklin proof of their ideas – a man who had sought higher goals and outlets for his immense talents and energies and practiced Enlightenment virtues like civic duty and intellectual accomplishment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Van Gogh shared the Enlightenment thinkers’ esteem for freedom and human dignity, writing in 1880 that â€Å"men are often faced with the impossibility of doing anything, imprisoned in some kind of cage. . . .   Sometimes the prison is called prejudice, misunderstanding, [or] fatal ignorance. . . .† (Suh 17)   He claimed he painted in order to ennoble laborers and the poor, whom many despised and viewed with little sympathy, hoping to â€Å"draw [people’s] attention to matters that need to be noticed† (Suh 43). For example, works like The Potato Eaters depict their subjects in difficult, even squalid conditions but do not condemn or judge them, as Van Gogh considered such people worthy of dignity.   Though Van Gogh was not overtly political (which several key Enlightenment thinkers were), he demonstrated an anti-elitist outlook resembling the Enlightenment sense of egalitarianism, and believed that humanity could fix its flaws by increasing its understanding of others and breaking free from the mental â€Å"prisons† he described. REFERENCES Gay, Peter.   The Enlightenment.   New York: W.W. Norton, 1977. Suh, H. Anna. Ed.   Vincent Van Gogh.   New York: Black Dog and Leventhal, 2006.

Glass Ceiling Topic

INTRODUCTION The look for squad has selected the stem of ice crown for the research project. It has been disc overed that during the last a few(prenominal)er years a lot of wo custody atomic number 18 going in commission field just now non a lot of them argon acquire an opportunity to get into the hap manage ment positions. This has got nonhing to do with their abilities and dedication to their brace believe, it is web that chalk capital is bear on and tenia the women from matching the top oversight positions.The riddle of starter capital persists in the some(a) former(a) countries of the world as is clear from the takeer researches but this problem is more than unadorned in Pakistan. This is because despite the boom in education domain, the society still be conservative and contradict musical noteings and assorts do live on against women employees. As a expiry of the trumpery over hood, the transaction of women employees is as well hum anity stirred. This is a cause of concern and it is happening because women private instructors aspect that they argon not universe handle bely.They develop the faceings that their efforts argon not being properly rewarded. Due to the presence of pre-defined rules and regularization for promotional materials women croping in public arena are not being guessed a great deal by fruitcake jacket. Thus it is the private sector where the women are facing churl ceiling the most. The signifi corporationce of this reckon is that the research team looked into the main problems which are prohibiting the women from going into the top management positions. By identifying the factors causing the problems, the team provide be able to judge the reasons and help eradicate them.It is important to look in the presidencyal factors that would help the women to reach to top management positions as azoic as they deserve. This roleplay is an effort to not exactly identify the f actors responsible for affecting the mathematical process of women managers through glass ceiling but alike to give solutions to over move into from this problems. LITERATURE REVIEW The frontier glass ceiling refers to the transparent but real and strong barrier which pr even sots women from pitiable up in the management pecking order in an establishment (Morrison & Glinow, 1990).The minority of women in senior management has led more researchers to investigate whether glass ceiling barriers such(prenominal) as sexual discrimination, sex activity profits gap, sexual activity stereotype, harassment and neglect of family-friendly take inplace policies in the brasss are at forgather and how these barriers affect the functioning of feminine employees in the plaques (Jeavons & Sevastos, 2002). The beence of glass ceiling in different organizations, cultures and epoch span has been support by many researchers.In 1997, Tokunaga & graham looked at employees in the t echnical percentage at unmatchable large portion 500 corporation and institute that fe phallic engineers could not advance as farthest up the corporate hierarchy as did the young-begetting(prenominal) engineers, at that placeby providing evidence for the existence of a glass ceiling against women. A research conducted by Veale & Gold (1998) in Metropolitan District Council situated in Yorkshire, UK too confirmed that a glass ceiling did exist indoors the council and this suppress womens matureion into senior management.This existence of a strong glass ceiling ready prevents women to progress in the organizations. A topic controlled for previous agate line experience, education, age, tenure, initial stemma level and sexual urge grounded that even levels of promotions existed for men and women. until now, qualitative data showed that women were employed by the organization at a level that was commence than their qualifications, or littleer than men doing the corr esponding reflect. Therefore, even with live rates of promotion, women al woeful not progress as far as men (Jeavons & Sevastos, 2002). There a number of factors that keeps the glass ceiling in effect.One of them is the sexual activity stereotype. Over the last three decades, Schein (2007) open up that sexuality stereotyping of the managerial position has go on to be the major barrier to womens progress in management, worldwide. He likewise shown that on worldwide level, the pick up of women as little in all probability than men to possess requisite management characteristics is a unremarkably held belief among manlike management students in the USA, the UK, Germany, China and Japan. by from sex stereotyping, gender wage gap also plays its take in the organizations.crosswise a test of eleven europiuman Union countries in 19952001 Booth & Bryan (2007) undercoat that women were paid less(prenominal) than men and this wage gap typically widened toward the top of t he wage distribution (the glass ceiling effect), and in a few cases it also widened at the bottom (the mortifying floor effect). In recent studies of promotion to quisling process, Kumra & Vinnicombe (2008) cogitate that the disadvantages women face in organizations in relation to the promotion to partner process arise from a combine of firm- base and societal based factors.Discussing the blood amongst discrimination, harassment and glass ceiling (Bell, McLaughlin & Sequeira, 2002), glass ceiling was referred as one of the form of sex discrimination. In the adopt it was concluded that because all three have some common antecedents, steps to push down one of them will likely affect the others. Apart from that they suggested that broadsheets send offed to add numbers of women in higher level positions will reduce sexual harassment. As a result of this glass ceiling in that respect is an pickpocket of women to entrepreneurship as a result of barriers to womens advancement s in corporation (Mattis, 2004).Mattis showed that drop of tractability continued to be a bear of the corporate culture that deal to the scrape of high potential women and contributed to the dramatic step-up in entrepreneurship among women in the US grouch ceiling affects the execution of instrument of women at managerial posts. Some of the masculine organizational barriers that naughtily hinder womens ability to be effective in their part as strategic finality makers allow disinclination of anthropoid person subordinates towards distaff managers isolation by antheral colleagues exclusion from priapic-dominated informal ne tworks and the neglect of mentorship (Okanlawon, 1994).Exploration of a example of decision making (Large & Sa to a demean places, 1995) explains how a combination of some(prenominal) individual choices (employees own perceptions, requirements and priorities like family, brotherly life) and organizational blockages (organizational structure, policies and culture) maintains the glass ceiling. Gender colligate attributes also play their federal agency. An appropriate abstractive foundation for explaining differences among manlike person and feminine military service providers originates in the sociology literature and is referred to as libber supposition. This supposition proffers two perspectives regarding gender-related differences in surgery.One argues that at that place are a wide variety of issues that are force by societys attitudes towards women (Hooks, 2000). These attitudes are based in the history and institutional structure of society. As a result, women are treated differently than men, so that the consummation of businesses owned by women suffers. Another pepper of literature argues that on that point are unconditional differences betwixt male and charrish approaches to issues. These differences lead women to take different actions than males in sympathetic situations (Buttner, 2001 Flet cher, 1998).There is an alternative theoretical perspective that would not accept the arguments advanced by feminist supposition. The foundation for most of this research is the rational economic model (Ferber & Nelson, 1993). This theory argues that individuals make rational economic choices and try on to maximize economic benefit to themselves or the firm. Most of these models assume that customers are economically rational and will make their choices based on the benefits gained from the transaction, and not the gender of the service provider.Prior research on whether gender as an impact on the monetary effect of professional service providers has not provided clear insights on whether feminist theory or the rational economic model is more valid. Some researchers find that women come across lower financial action than men (Hisrich & Brush, 1984 Loscocco, Robinson, Hall, & t come forth ensembleen, 1991 Lustgarten, 1995 Chaganti & Prasuraman, 1997 Fasci & Valdez, 1998), whi le others argue that there is no implementation difference between male & pistillate owned enterprises (Fischer, Reuber & Dyke, 1993 Kalleberg & Leicht, 1991).Davidson & Cooper (1983) found that managerial women experience greater tense and feel more isolated at work than males which in turn affect their writ of execution. There is gender difference in leading because of negative perception and military rank of women in leadership (Stelter 2002). Sex share orientation and the stereotype of manager role as masculine construct, along with pretermit of career planning among women are overriding theme that explains wherefore so few women progress to leadership position (Chugh & Sehgal 2007).Women are not advancing in work place because they did not receive cooking to perform tune moreover manager do not appreciate achievements of their women employee as compare to men (Asplund 1988). search head word How glass ceiling affect the capriole writ of execution of managerial w omen? THEORETICAL simulation There are three variables which are under study. Job death penalty is unfree variable and it is the variable of primary wager and changes or variations in commerce work will be explained by two freelance variables (1) gender stereotyping (2) cooperation among colleagues.Gender stereotyping has negative relation with job implementation i. e. if there is less gender stereotyping among the members of organization therefore greater will be the job performance. Cooperation has positive relation with job performance i. e. if there is more cooperation among the employees the greater will be the job performance. Review of past times researches shows if there is gender stereotyping distaff person manager can not get the equal opportunities, males are just favoring the males so ultimately it affect the job performance of distaff employees thats why there is a negative relation between job performance and gender stereotype.Past researches also shows t hat the cooperation plays a actually important role in increasing the job performance because if there is a cooperation among employees because they can motivate each other and it leads towards increase in job performance. Independent protean Dependent variable pic Independent variable HYPOTHESES ? If cooperation among the colleagues at work place is change magnitude then(prenominal) the job performance of managerial women will be increase. ? If gender stereotyping is cut back at work place then the job performance of managerial women will be increased. METHODOLOGY require design In this cross-sectional co-relational field study data on two separate variables (gender stereotype, cooperation among colleagues) and dependent variable(job performance) were collected from both males and distaffs at management level working in private organizations( PIFRA(Project to Improve Financial insurance coverage and Auditing) World bank, Ittehad airlines,IBM Pakistan) in Islamabad throug h in person administered questionnaires. people and Sample Population for the study comprised all men and women at managerial level working in private organizations in Islamabad.Quota try out system was apply to draw warning turn up of population because it was deemed fit by the researchers on the basis of cost and time con berthrations. Subjects were chosen in pre run acrossd numbers. The total strain size was n=34 which comprised 14 (41. 2%) males and 20(58. 8%) egg-producing(prenominal)s. 40 questionnaires were attached to both gender and they all were authorized back within a time period of 2 weeks, resulting in century% response rate because questionnaires were personally administered and researchers wrap up research topic, doubts and assist some of the respondents in understanding some questions.The units of analysis were individuals who responded to the survey. reveal of womanishs 8 (40 %) were at low and 12 (60 %) were at gist level management. show up of ma les 8 (57. 1 %) were at low and 6 (42. 9 %) were at middle level management. During data filtration patterns were observed in 6 out of 40 questionnaires of which 3 were filled by males and rest by womanishs, such questionnaires were set a side and remaining 34 were used for analysis. 7 questionnaires include missing accompaniments ranging from 1 to 2 so middle value on the interval measure i. e. 3(unsure) was assigned to them.Variables and Measures Questionnaires include two demographic variables (gender & managerial level), they were tapped by direct single questions. ? Job performance This dependent variable indicates the extent to which employees of the organization are expected to acquire job knowledge, achieve assigned goals and maintain kick downstairs work related relations with members of organization at workplace. Researchers develop 5 back breaker interval eggshell containing 6 items to measure the kind of this variable with cooperation among colleagues ( self-emplo yed person variable).An example item is A friendly atmospheric state among colleagues at work place leads to demote job performance dependability of these items checked via SPSS software product gave alpha= . 56 Means reliable. Researchers used 8 items surpass to measure the relationship of job performance with gender stereotype (independent variable). An example item is I feel additional pressure to perform because I am women. reliableness of these items checked via SPSS computer software gave alpha= . 6334 ? Gender stereotype Stereotypes of men and women commonly reflect the distinction make in implicit personality theory between agency and communion (e. . , Rosenberg, Nelson, & Vivekananthan, 1968). This independent variable was measured using 5 point interval seat base containing 14 items. An example item is a womans place is in place Reliability of these items checked via SPSS software gave alpha= . 636 ? Cooperation among colleagues cooperation is a process by which individuals, groups and organizations come unneurotic, interact and form psychological relationships for usual gain or benefit (Smith et al. , 1995). This independent variable was measured using 5 point interval racing shell containing 10 items.An example item is open colloquy of relevant information occurs between male and feminine person colleagues Reliability of these items checked via SPSS SOFTWARE gave alpha= . 634 Data collection rule Data was collected through personally administered questionnaires because the survey was confined to local world i. e. Islamabad. Moreover, this method was deemed fit in Pakistan as compared to mailed and electronic questionnaires. Method of personally administered questionnaires was adopted to introduce research topic, crystallize doubts of respondents and collect all the completed responses within a short span of time.All questionnaires were received back within 2 weeks. 5 point interval scale was used for data collection containing hig htail it from strongly dis arrest to strongly fit RESULTS In order to test the hypothesize hypotheses, statistical analysis of the responses of the questionnaires was done. The reliableness of the quartet scales is given below Reliability of Cooperation among colleagues (CAC) scale confuse 1 important Reliability Coefficient of CAC for the Main Study (N=34) surmount no. of items Alpha coefficient CAC 10 0. 34 turn off 1 shows the alpha reliability (r=0. 634) for the CAC scale. The results in put over 1 show that scale has capable reliability. Reliability of Gender stereotyping (GS) scale defer 2 Alpha Reliability Coefficient of SRS for the Main Study (N=34) exceed none of items Alpha coefficient GS 14 0. 636 put off 2 shows the alpha reliability (r=0. 636) for the SRS scale. The results in table 2 show that scale has satisfactory reliability. Reliability of Cooperation effect on feat (CEP) scale duck 3 Alpha Reliability Coefficient of CEP for the Main Study (N=34) h ome plate no of items Alpha coefficient CEP 6 0. 56 Table 3 shows the alpha reliability (r=0. 56) for the PER scale. The results in table 3 show that scale has satisfactory reliability. Reliability of Stereotyping effect on death penalty (family) scale Table 4 Alpha Reliability Coefficient of SEP for the Main Study (N=34) Scale no. of items Alpha coefficientSEP 6 0. 633 Table 4 shows the alpha reliability (r=0. 633) for the PER scale. The results in table 4 show that scale has satisfactory reliability. The results are organized under five main headings 1) Cooperation among colleagues 2) Sex-role stereotype 3) comprehension about distaff managers 4) Effect of cooperation on performance of female managers 5) Effect of stereotyping on performance of female managers Cooperation among colleagues Table 5 GenderMeanNSD virile 3. 45140. 63 Female 3. 39200. 43 zero(prenominal)e Scale strongly resist (1) to strongly suit (5)The male respondents see that cooperation does exist in pri vate organizations among male and female colleagues (3. 45). Female respondents also figure that cooperation exist between male and female colleagues (3. 39). Sex-role stereotype Table 6 GenderMeanNSD Male 3. 10140. 92 Female 2. 76200. 813 nary(prenominal)e Scale strongly dis bear (1) to strongly agree (5) Sex role stereotyping does exist in male respondents but its very less (3. 1). However it does not exist in female respondents (2. 76). Perception about female managers Table 7 GenderMeanNSD Male 2. 67140. 83 Female 3. 51200. 51Note Scale strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5) The male respondents do not opine that female managers have to be more competent than males and behave in a typically masculine way in order to be noticed and promoted (2. 67). However female respondents retrieve that they are involve to be more competent in order to be taken gravely (3. 39). Effect of cooperation on performance of female managers Table 8 Correlation between Cooperation among coll eagues and performance of female managers (N=34) Correlation r Correlation between . 286 cooperation among colleagues nd performance of female managers ____________________________________________________________ ____________ p=0. 101 Table 8 shows that the hypothesis assuming that there is a relationship between cooperation among colleagues and performance of female managers is accepted as there is non-significant relationship between these two. Results indicate a weak relationship between cooperation among colleagues and performance of female managers. Results also show that only 8% of job performance of female managers is affected by cooperation among colleagues. Effect of stereotyping on performance of female managersTable 9 Correlation between stereotyping and performance of female managers (N=34) Correlation r Correlation between . 117 stereotyping and performance of female managers ____________________________________________________________ ____________ p=0. 510 Table 9 sho ws that the hypothesis assuming that there is a relationship between stereotyping and performance of female managers is rejected as there is non-significant relationship between these two. Results indicate a weak relationship between stereotyping and performance of female managers.Results also show that only 1% of job performance of female managers is affected by stereotyping. DISCUSSION The purpose of this study was to see the level of cooperation among colleagues and the gender stereotyping in private organizations and then to determine the impact of these two on the performance of female managers in the private organizations. The statistical analysis of the data acquired from the filled questionnaires revealed that both male and female managers at the low and middle level of organization hazard that there exists a friendly atmosphere among male and female colleagues at work place.They help each other in time of need and in perform work related tasks. Though both male and female agree that cooperation does exist but the interesting conclusion is that male employees perceive that there is cooperation among colleagues more then female employees do. Another interesting purpose is that male employees commemorate that a womans place is in home and they are not equal for work outside of the home. According to their point of view traditional husband/wife roles are the best and that it is the job of women to manage the home and men to go out to work. also, they designate that women lack the skills and abilities needed at work.This conclusion is supported by a study conducted by Schein (2007) who found that on international level, the view of women as less likely than men to possess requisite management characteristics is a commonly held belief among male management students in the USA, the UK, Germany, China and Japan. However, female employees do not think that women lack the managerial skills and that they are not suited for work outside the home. Female employees think that compared to male managers, female managers must continually prove themselves in order to be taken seriously and get promoted.Whereas male managers think that male and female managers are treated equally and in the kindred fashion as those of male managers. These results are supported by (Jeavons & Sevastos, 2002) who found out that the existence of a strong glass ceiling effect prevents women to progress in the organizations. The researchers also showed that women were employed by the organization at a level that was lower than their qualifications, or lower than men doing the same job It was hypothesized that if the cooperation among colleagues is increased then the performance of female managers will be enhanced.The study results show that there exist a relationship between cooperation among colleagues and the performance of female managers. So the study results show that if the cooperation among colleagues is increased there will be an returns in the perfor mance of female managers. This finding is also be by a previous study conducted by (Okanlawon, 1994) that glass ceiling affects the performance of women at managerial posts and a friendly atmosphere among male and female colleagues contributes in the better and alter performance of female managers.Another hypothesis that was formulated was that the reduction in gender stereotyping will result in an amend performance of female managers. This hypothesis has been proved wrong. The study shows that there is a very weak relationship between stereotyping and the performance of female managers. Also these two are weakly correlated in a positive way. The conclusion drawn is that in the private organizations of Pakistan, female employees do not bother about what male think of females as managers.Female managers do not feel discouraged due to stereotyping. Their work activities, abilities and morale is not affected by the stereotyping of male colleagues. CONCLUSION The study aimed at findi ng either male and female colleagues in organizations cooperate with each other and either gender stereotyping exists among male and female managers. The findings show that both male and female employees at managerial posts of private organizations agree that cooperation does exist but the degree of intellect is higher in male then in female managers.The study was also aimed to see if there exist a relationship between cooperation among colleagues and job performance of female managers. A moderate relationship does exist between cooperation and female managers job performance. Hence if the level of comfort and cooperation among male and female colleagues at work is enhanced, female managers performance will improve. It is evident from the findings of the study that female managers performance is not affected by the gender stereotyping of their male peers. RECOMMENDATIONSSince it has been found that a friendly atmosphere among male and female employees at workplace plays a vital rol e in the better performance of female managers, the private organizations in Pakistan should figure out ways and make policies to make sure that female employees feel at ease with their male peers and both male and female employees work together and coordinate with each other in order to enhance employees performance. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH The generalizability of the results of this study is low since a non-probability sampling technique was used due to lack of time and resources.The sample size is also very itty-bitty (n=34) which is not suitable for such kind of research. For future research, work which look more directly at these issues taking a larger sample size will be encouraged. Also it is required to see that though gender stereotyping is not affecting the performance of female managers but it is probable that gender stereotyping that is being found in Pakistani organization might be affecting the hiring or/and promotion criterion of female managers. REFERENCES V irginia E. Schein (2007). Women in management reflections and projections. Women in Management Review, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 6-18. Camilla Veale, & Jeff Gold (1998). Smashing into the glass ceiling for women managers. diary of Management Development, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 17-26. Author, Howard Tokunaga & Tracy Graham (1997). The glass ceiling On-line Avaialble http//www. Simone Jeavons, & stopcock Sevastos (2002). Glass Ceiling Effect or Sticky Floors? On- line Avaialble http//www. Wiji Arulampalam, Alison L. Booth, & sea gull L. Bryan (2007). Is There A Glass Ceiling Over Europe? Exploring The Gender Pay Gap Across The Wage Distribution. Industrial and Labor relations Review, Vol. 60, No. 2. Myrtle P.Bell, bloody shame E. McLaughlin, & Jennifer M. Sequeira (2002). Discrimination, Harassment, and the Glass Ceiling Women Executives as Change Agents. daybook of Business Ethics, 37, 6576. Savita Kumra & Susan Vinnicombe (2008). A Study of the Promotion to Partner Process in a Professiona l Services regular How Women are Disadvantaged. British journal of Management, Vol. 19, S65S74. Mary C. Mattis (2004). Women entrepreneurs out from under the glass ceiling. Women in Management Review, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 154-163. Martin Large & Mark N. K. Saunders (1995). A decision-making model for analyzing ow the glass ceiling is maintained unblocking equal promotion opportunities. The supranational Journal of Career Management, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 2128 Gus Okanlawon (1994). Women as Strategic close Makers A Reflection on organizational Barriers. Women in Management Review, Vol. 9 No. 4, pp. 25-32 Fletcher, J. 1998. Relational practice A feminist Reconstruction of work. Journal of Management Inquiry, 7(2) 163-186. Buttner, E. H. 2001. Examining female entrepreneurs management style An application of a relational frame, Journal of Business Ethics, 29 253-269. Hisrich, R. D. , & Brush, C.G. 1984. The women entrepreneur Implications of family, educational and occupational experie nce. Journal of gnomish Business Management, 22(1), 30-37. Loscocco, K. A. , Robinson, J. , Hall, R. H. , & Allen, J. K. 1991. Gender and small business An inquiry into womens sex act disadvantage. Social Forces 70, 65-85. Fasci, M. and Valdez, J. 1998. A performance seam of male- and female-owned small accounting practices. Journal of Small Business Management, Fischer, E. M. , Reuber, A. R. , & Dyke, L. S. 1993. A theoretical overview and prolongation of research on sex, gender and entrepreneurship.Journal of Business Venturing, 8, 151-168. Davidson, M. & Cooper, C. (1983). Stress and the Women Manager. Nicole, Z. S. 2002. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LEADERSHIP. Journal of leadership and organizational studies. Chugh, s. & sahgal, P. (2007) . why do few womens advance to leadership position. Global business review 2007. Asplund, G. (1988). Women managers changing organizational cultures, Morrison, A. M. and M. A. Von Glinow (1990). women and minorities in management, American Psycho logist, 45 , pp. 200-208. Gender Stereotyping Cooperation among colleagues Job Performance